解决问题
完成八道综合题，每题都先找关系，再分步计算或判断。
第 1 题
账单项目 RM18.50、RM21.50 和 RM10.00。付 RM60，应找回多少？
账单综合题 = masalah bil gabungan
Terdapat tiga item: RM18.50, RM21.50 dan RM10.00. Jumlahkan ketiga-tiganya dengan menyusun titik perpuluhan, kemudian tolak jumlah itu daripada RM60 untuk mendapat baki.
Contoh: Item RM12.30, RM25.70 dan RM8.00 berjumlah RM46.00. Jika dibayar RM50, baki ialah RM4.00.
Awas: Pilihan yang sama dengan jumlah bil bukan wang baki. Pastikan anda menyelesaikan langkah tolak yang terakhir.
账单综合题 = combined bill problem
This problem requires the total of several items before the change can be determined.
Example: RM12 + RM8 = RM20; RM30 − RM20 = RM10.
Watch out: Distinguish the bill total from the change.
第 2 题
服务金额 RM200，先折扣 10%，再对折后金额征 5% 税。含税付款额是多少？
折扣后征税 = cukai selepas diskaun
Harga selepas diskaun menjadi asas cukai apabila situasi menyatakan diskaun digunakan dahulu.
Contoh: RM100 kurang 20% = RM80; 5% cukai = RM4; jumlah RM84.
Awas: Jangan kira cukai daripada harga asal jika diskaun dahulu.
折扣后征税 = tax after discount
The discounted price becomes the tax base when the situation says the discount is applied first.
Example: RM100 less 20% = RM80; 5% tax = RM4; total RM84.
Watch out: Do not calculate tax from the original price when discount comes first.
第 3 题
总资产 RM12,000，总负债 RM4,500；之后偿还负债 RM500，资产不变。新净资产是多少？
更新后净资产 = aset bersih selepas perubahan
Kemas kini nilai yang berubah dahulu, kemudian gunakan formula aset ditolak liabiliti.
Contoh: Aset RM6,000, hutang turun RM2,000 ke RM1,500; bersih RM4,500.
Awas: Jangan tolak bayaran hutang daripada aset jika soalan kata aset kekal.
更新后净资产 = net assets after a change
Update the value that changed first, then use the assets-minus-liabilities formula.
Example: Assets RM6,000, debt falls RM2,000 to RM1,500; net RM4,500.
Watch out: Do not subtract the debt payment from assets when the question says assets stay fixed.
第 4 题
医疗费用 RM1,200，保单按条件赔偿 RM800。家庭仍须承担多少？
自付差额 = baki tanggungan sendiri
Kos rawatan ialah RM1,200 dan polisi membayar RM800. Bahagian yang belum dibayar oleh polisi menjadi tanggungan keluarga. Jadi, tolak pampasan daripada jumlah kos.
Contoh: Bil hospital RM2,500 dan pampasan RM1,800: keluarga menanggung RM2,500 − RM1,800 = RM700.
Awas: Jangan tambah pampasan kepada kos. Jumlah yang ditanggung sendiri mesti lebih kecil daripada bil asal.
自付差额 = amount still to pay
Treatment costs RM1,200 and the policy pays RM800. Whatever the policy does not cover is left for the family. So subtract the payout from the total cost.
Example: A hospital bill of RM2,500 with an RM1,800 payout: the family pays RM2,500 − RM1,800 = RM700.
Watch out: Do not add the payout to the cost. The family’s share must be smaller than the original bill.
第 5 题
一辆车售价 RM54,000，首期 RM9,000，总利息 RM3,600，分 60 个月偿还。每月还款多少？
车贷月供 = ansuran bulanan kereta
Ikut tiga langkah: (1) harga kereta tolak bayaran pendahuluan untuk mendapat jumlah pinjaman; (2) tambah jumlah faedah RM3,600; (3) bahagi jumlah keseluruhan yang perlu dibayar balik dengan 60 bulan.
Contoh: Kereta RM36,000, pendahuluan RM6,000, faedah RM2,400, tempoh 48 bulan: (RM30,000 + RM2,400) ÷ 48 = RM675 sebulan.
Awas: Jika pendahuluan tidak ditolak, ansuran terlalu tinggi; jika faedah tertinggal, ansuran terlalu rendah. Semak kedua-dua langkah.
车贷月供 = monthly car instalment
Use price minus down payment, add total interest, then divide by 60 months.
Example: RM24,000 after down payment, plus RM2,400, paid over 48 months.
Watch out: Distinguish total interest from an interest rate.
第 6 题
一个电饭锅标价 RM280，购买时可获 RM35 回扣。实际要付多少钱？
回扣 = Rebat
Rebat ialah jumlah wang tetap yang ditolak daripada harga tanda. Oleh itu, kita tolak nilai rebat daripada harga periuk nasi untuk mendapat bayaran sebenar.
Contoh: Contoh: Kipas berharga RM150 dengan rebat RM20. Bayaran = RM150 − RM20 = RM130.
Awas: Jangan tambah rebat kepada harga, dan semak pengumpulan semula semasa menolak.
回扣 = Rebate
A rebate is a fixed amount of money taken off the marked price. So we subtract the rebate from the price of the rice cooker to find the actual payment.
Example: Example: A fan costs RM150 with a RM20 rebate. Payment = RM150 − RM20 = RM130.
Watch out: Do not add the rebate to the price, and check your regrouping when subtracting.
第 7 题
商店以成本 RM400 加 25% 盈利定售价。要不亏损，售价最多可减少百分之几？
不亏损的最大折扣 = Diskaun maksimum tanpa rugi
Mula-mula cari harga jual daripada kos dan peratus untung. Harga paling rendah tanpa rugi ialah harga kos. Beza harga jual dan kos dibahagi dengan harga jual, kemudian darab 100%.
Contoh: Contoh: Kos RM300, untung 50%. Harga jual RM450. Beza RM150. RM150 ÷ RM450 × 100% ≈ 33.3%.
Awas: Peratus diskaun dikira berdasarkan harga jual, bukan harga kos.
不亏损的最大折扣 = Maximum discount without loss
First find the selling price from the cost and the profit percentage. The lowest price without a loss is the cost price. Divide the difference between selling price and cost by the selling price, then multiply by 100%.
Example: Example: Cost RM300, profit 50%. Selling price RM450. Difference RM150. RM150 ÷ RM450 × 100% ≈ 33.3%.
Watch out: The discount percentage is based on the selling price, not on the cost price.
第 8 题
Aminah 买 2 双鞋，每双 RM120，先享 15% 折扣，再获 RM20 回扣。她要付多少？
折扣与回扣 = Diskaun dan rebat
Ikut turutan soalan. Kira jumlah harga dua pasang kasut, kemudian kira harga selepas diskaun 15%, dan akhirnya tolak rebat tetap RM20.
Contoh: Contoh: 3 buku RM50 setiap satu, diskaun 10%, rebat RM15. RM150 × 90% = RM135, RM135 − RM15 = RM120.
Awas: Jika rebat ditolak dahulu sebelum diskaun, jawapan akan berbeza dan salah.
折扣与回扣 = Discount and rebate
Follow the order in the question. Find the total price of the two pairs of shoes, then the price after the 15% discount, and finally subtract the fixed RM20 rebate.
Example: Example: 3 books at RM50 each, 10% discount, RM15 rebate. RM150 × 90% = RM135, RM135 − RM15 = RM120.
Watch out: If you subtract the rebate before the discount, the answer changes and becomes wrong.