penceritaan berkesan = 有效讲述

有效讲述需要清楚顺序、准确发音和配合情节的语调。表情与动作应突出人物的犹豫、判断和负责任行动，而不是抢走内容焦点。重要转折前可稍作停顿。

例子： 讲可疑消息的故事时，先平稳交代背景，在作决定处放慢语速，结尾强调停止转发的结果。

effective storytelling = penceritaan berkesan

Effective storytelling needs clear sequence, accurate pronunciation, and intonation that follows the event. Expression and gesture should highlight a character’s doubt, judgment, and responsible action rather than distract from the content. A short pause can mark an important turning point.

Example: For a doubtful-message story, establish the situation calmly, slow down at the decision, and emphasise the result of stopping the spread.

rumusan dan ramalan = 总结与预测

总结综合多种媒体元素的共同信息，预测则根据可见趋势推测下一步。先区分已经显示的事实和未来可能，再用 mungkin 或 dijangka 保留不确定性。无关图片细节不能成为依据。

例子： 若图表显示多个社会角色都履行责任，可总结诚信是共同责任，并预测社会信任可能提高。

summary and prediction = rumusan dan ramalan

A summary combines the shared message across titles, images, captions, or data, while a prediction extends a visible pattern into a possible future. Separate what is already shown from what may happen, and use measured language. An unrelated visual detail is not evidence.

Example: If a graphic shows several social roles fulfilling duties, summarise integrity as a shared responsibility and predict that public trust may increase.

catatan / idea = 记录 / 想法

记录保留来源中的重点事实，生成想法则在事实基础上提出新行动。先用关键词分类人物、行动和结果，再另外标注建议；这样可避免把自己想到的内容误写成原资料。想法也要回应主题。

例子： 资料写学生核实来源，可记录为事实，再提出制作“分享前三步检查卡”的新点子。

notes / generated idea = catatan / idea

Notes preserve key facts from a source, whereas a generated idea proposes a new action based on those facts. Sort people, actions, and outcomes as keywords, then label suggestions separately so an invented detail is not mistaken for source information. The new idea must still address the theme.

Example: Record source verification as a fact, then generate a new three-step “check before sharing” card for the class.

pengajaran seloka = 诗歌教训

seloka 常以节奏和讽喻提醒不良行为。先找作品赞扬或批评什么，再把它改写成正面可实行的教训；朗诵语调要突出提醒而非嘲笑人物。教训必须与文本线索相符。

例子： 若诗句批评未经查证便转发消息，教训可写成“分享前核实来源并考虑影响”。

lesson from a seloka = pengajaran seloka

A seloka often uses rhythm and satire to warn against undesirable behaviour. Identify what is praised or criticised, then restate it as a positive, practical lesson. Delivery should emphasise the warning without mocking a character, and the lesson must remain tied to textual clues.

Example: If the verse criticises forwarding unverified news, state the lesson as checking sources and considering consequences before sharing.

kata ganda berentak = 韵律重叠词

韵律重叠词以相近节奏重复，并改变部分元音、辅音或整体词形。它不是任意拼凑两个押韵词；必须使用规范固定形式，并检查意思是否适合句子。通常用连字符连接。

例子： dewan yang penuh suara boleh digambarkan sebagai riuh-rendah；走来走去可用 mundar-mandir。

rhythmic reduplication = kata ganda berentak

Rhythmic reduplication repeats a sound pattern while changing part of the vowels, consonants, or word form. It is not a free combination of any two rhyming words; use an accepted fixed form and check that its meaning fits the sentence. A hyphen normally joins the pair.

Example: Use “riuh-rendah” for a hall full of noise and “mundar-mandir” for repeated movement back and forth.

semak sebelum sebar = 转发前核实

题目要求找能保护事实与他人名誉的行动。先判断是否核查来源和向相关人士确认，再排除增加未经证实内容或因从众而立即转发。诚信重视证据和后果。

例子： 面对可疑消息，可暂停分享，检查出处并向当事人或可靠负责人求证。

verify before sharing = semak sebelum sebar

The item asks for an action that protects both factual accuracy and another person’s reputation. Look for source checking and confirmation with relevant people, then reject embellishment or immediate forwarding based on popularity. Integrity requires evidence and attention to consequences.

Example: For a doubtful message, pause sharing, examine its source, and verify it with the person involved or a reliable authority.

诚信公民总结 = rumusan rakyat berintegriti

完成 Unit 15 后，你应能以清楚顺序、发音、语调和表情讲述事件，也能综合多媒体重点并作有根据而不绝对的预测。记录必须把来源事实与新想法分开；seloka 的讽喻要转成正面教训；韵律重叠词则使用规范固定形式。

例子： 看到各方定期公开报告时，可总结透明做法并预测信任可能提高，同时把制作“分享前检查卡”另列为新想法。

citizen integrity summary = rumusan rakyat berintegriti

After Unit 15, you should tell events with clear sequence, pronunciation, intonation, and expression, then combine multimedia ideas into a supported, non-absolute prediction. Separate source facts from generated ideas, turn a seloka criticism into a positive lesson, and use rhythmic reduplication in its accepted fixed form.

Example: From regular public reports, summarise transparency and predict that trust may rise, while labelling a “check before sharing” card separately as a new idea.