rumusan dan ramalan = 总结与预测

总结要压缩资料的共同重点，预测则从已知规律推向可能结果。先列出证据，再找重复趋势或因果关系；预测必须使用“可能”等谨慎词语，不能把尚未发生的结果说成事实。

例子： 若三次实验都显示粗面移动较慢，可总结摩擦较大，并预测换成光滑面后物体可能较易移动。

summary and forecast = rumusan dan ramalan

A summary condenses the shared message of the evidence, while a forecast extends a pattern toward a possible outcome. List the facts first, identify repetition or cause and effect, and use measured language such as “may.” Do not present an untested future result as a fact.

Example: If three trials show slower movement on a rough surface, summarise the higher friction and forecast easier movement on a smoother one.

mentafsir bahan = 解读材料

解读材料不只是复述句子，还要依据词语、动作或结果说明深层意义。先找明示信息，再问“这项线索说明什么”；答案必须能回到原文验证，不能加入材料没有支持的个人故事。

例子： 看到“刹车后车轮逐渐停止”，可从动作与结果解释摩擦使运动减慢。

interpreting a text = mentafsir bahan

Interpretation goes beyond repeating a sentence by explaining what a word, action, or consequence suggests. Identify the explicit information first, then ask what the clue means. Every interpretation should be traceable to the material instead of relying on an unsupported personal story.

Example: From “the wheel slows after the brake is pressed,” infer from action and result that friction reduces motion.

perenggan pendapat = 观点段落

观点段落需要“立场—理由—例证—结论”的连贯关系。先确定你赞成什么，再引用图表、视频或说明中的资料支持；创意意见可以提出新方法，但必须与证据和问题相关。

例子： 看到湿路制动距离较长的图表，可主张雨天减速，并以轮胎抓地和停车距离作理由。

opinion paragraph = perenggan pendapat

An opinion paragraph needs a coherent position, reason, example, and conclusion. Decide what you support, then use information from a chart, video, or explanation as evidence. A creative suggestion may add a new approach, but it must remain relevant to the source and issue.

Example: A chart showing longer stopping distance on wet roads can support slower driving, with tyre grip and distance as reasons.

cerita sains = 科学故事

科学故事可以拟人化和富有想象力，但核心现象仍须合理。先设定问题，再让角色通过观察或实验寻找方法，最后呈现结果与启示；优美语言不能代替清楚的因果关系。

例子： 写昆虫故事时先放对科学特征（身体三部分、六只脚、一对触角），再用 langkah kanan（运气好）、angkat kaki（离开）等熟语让故事生动。

science story = cerita sains

A science story may use imagination and personification, but its central phenomenon should remain plausible. Establish a problem, let the character observe or test a solution, and show the result and lesson. Beautiful language should strengthen, not replace, a clear cause-and-effect relationship.

Example: Give the insect accurate features (three body parts, six legs, two antennae), then use idioms such as langkah kanan and angkat kaki to make the story lively.

ayat seruan / ayat perintah = 感叹句 / 祈使句

感叹句表达惊叹、悲伤、愤怒或呼唤等情感，要根据语气词的用途选择 wah、aduhai、cis、nah 或 wahai。祈使句则用 sila、tolong、jangan、harap 表示邀请、请求、禁止或期望。判断时先看说话目的，再检查标点。做题时先判断说话人的情绪或目的，再选择合适的词。

例子： “Wah, hebatnya!”表达惊叹；“Jangan sentuh bahan itu”表示禁止。

ayat seruan / ayat perintah = exclamatory / imperative sentence

An exclamatory sentence expresses emotion through words such as wah, aduhai, cis, nah, and wahai. An imperative sentence uses sila, tolong, jangan, or harap for an invitation, request, prohibition, or expectation. Identify the speaker’s purpose before checking punctuation.

Example: “Wah, hebatnya!” shows admiration, while “Jangan sentuh bahan itu” gives a prohibition.

ungkapan = 词语与熟语

阅读理解常考文章里的熟语和形容词。menatang minyak yang penuh 比喻非常疼爱、小心照顾；bagai langit dengan bumi 比喻差别很大；putih melepak 表示非常白；sugul 表示忧愁、闷闷不乐。答题时把意思放回句子，确认符合人物的处境。熟语的意思不能逐字翻译，要整体理解。

例子： “Kehidupannya dahulu dan sekarang bagai langit dengan bumi”表示前后生活差别很大。

ungkapan = expressions

Reading questions often test idioms and descriptive words. Menatang minyak yang penuh describes caring for someone with great love; bagai langit dengan bumi means very different; putih melepak means extremely white; and sugul means sad and gloomy. Place each meaning back into the sentence to check that it suits the situation.

Example: If someone’s past and present lives are bagai langit dengan bumi, they are completely different.

nilai rumusan dan ramalan = 判断总结与预测

题目要求同时检查总结是否概括三次实验，以及预测是否沿着相同科学关系延伸。先找与“粗面移动较慢”一致的规律，再排除没有证据的绝对结论或无关变化；不要直接记选项位置。

例子： 可把每项拆成总结与预测两部分，分别核对它们是否都由摩擦证据支持。

evaluate a summary and forecast = nilai rumusan dan ramalan

The item asks you to check both whether the summary captures all three trials and whether the forecast extends the same scientific relationship. Match the slower movement on a rough surface to a friction pattern, then reject absolute or unrelated outcomes. Do not choose by option position.

Example: Split each choice into summary and forecast and verify that both parts are supported by the friction evidence.

生活科学总结 = rumusan sains dalam kehidupan

完成 Unit 19 后，你应能从实验与阅读材料提炼事实、总结规律并作谨慎预测，也能写有立场、理由和例证的观点段落。科学故事要保持合理因果；不同句型则应依沟通目的选择结构和标点。

例子： 从粗面移动较慢的结果总结摩擦规律，再写意见、故事或句型时保持证据与语言功能一致。

daily science summary = rumusan sains dalam kehidupan

After Unit 19, you should extract facts from experiments and texts, summarise a pattern, and make a cautious forecast. You should also write an opinion paragraph with a position, reason, and example, preserve plausible cause and effect in a science story, and choose sentence forms according to purpose.

Example: Use slower movement on a rough surface to summarise friction, then keep evidence and language purpose consistent in an opinion, story, or sentence.