hujah berasaskan bukti = 证据论证

论证不只是说同意或不同意，而是用明示资料和合理推论支持立场。每项证据都要解释“为何能支持”，并承认限制或另一种看法；这样结论才显得审慎而可信。

例子： 主张用虚拟现实训练时，可引用可重复模拟的优点，同时说明设备成本与使用时间限制。

evidence-based argument = hujah berasaskan bukti

An argument is more than agreement or disagreement. It uses explicit information and a reasonable inference to support a position, explains why each piece of evidence matters, and recognises a limitation or alternative view. This makes the conclusion measured and credible.

Example: Support virtual-reality training with repeatable simulation while also acknowledging equipment cost and time limits.

rujukan perkataan = 查证词语

查词不能只抄第一项释义。先看词性和多项含义，再用句子语境判断哪一项合适，同时核对发音、拼写和常见搭配；电子来源也要选择可靠词典或机构。

例子： 查询 maya 时，应结合 realiti maya 的科技语境，而不是套用与句意无关的释义。

word reference = rujukan perkataan

Looking up a word is not copying the first definition. Check its word class and possible meanings, then use sentence context to select the right one while verifying pronunciation, spelling, and common combinations. Electronic sources should also be reliable dictionaries or institutions.

Example: For “maya,” use the technological context of “realiti maya” rather than an unrelated definition.

cadangan praktikal = 可行建议

建议应直接回应问题，而不是泛泛说“改进”。先确定使用者和困难，再提出具体改变、实施方式与预期效果；也要检查成本、安全和是否真的能被使用者操作。

例子： 若长者难看清按钮，可建议放大按钮并加语音提示，再安排小规模使用测试。

practical suggestion = cadangan praktikal

A useful suggestion responds directly to a defined problem instead of merely saying “improve it.” Identify the user and difficulty, propose a specific change and implementation, and state the expected effect. Also consider cost, safety, and whether the user can operate it.

Example: If older users cannot see small buttons, enlarge them, add voice guidance, and test the design with a small user group.

seni kata lagu = 歌词创作

歌词要围绕一个中心信息，用节奏、重复和形象语言帮助记忆。先从刺激材料提炼主题，再安排每行如何发展；押韵能增加音乐感，但语句必须自然、礼貌且意思清楚。

例子： 以负责任使用科技为主题，可让每行分别谈用途、安全、创新和人类福祉。

song lyrics = seni kata lagu

Song lyrics develop one central message through rhythm, repetition, and imagery. Extract the theme from the stimulus first and decide how each line advances it. Rhyme may add musical quality, but the language must remain natural, respectful, and meaningful.

Example: For responsible technology use, let separate lines address purpose, safety, innovation, and human well-being.

ayat aktif dan pasif = 主动句与被动句

主动句把施事者放在前面，被动句则突出承受动作的对象。转换时先找“谁做什么、对什么做”，再重新排列并调整动词；人物、动作和时间信息不能丢失或改变。

例子： “Murid menguji aplikasi itu.”可换成“Aplikasi itu diuji oleh murid.”，事件意思保持相同。

active and passive sentences = ayat aktif dan pasif

An active sentence foregrounds the doer, while a passive sentence foregrounds the receiver of the action. Identify who does what to which object, then reorder and adjust the verb. Do not lose or change the actor, action, object, or time information.

Example: Change “Murid menguji aplikasi itu” to “Aplikasi itu diuji oleh murid” while preserving the same event.

ayat transitif / pasif diri = 及物句 / 人称被动句

及物主动句的动词后面有宾语，例如 menganalisis DNA；不及物主动句不需要宾语，例如 berteknologi canggih。第一、第二人称当施事者的被动句结构特别：受事者放前面，然后直接写 kami、saya、kamu，再接动词原形，不用 di-，也不用 oleh。做题时先找施事者是第几人称，再决定被动句的写法。

例子： “Laporan itu saya siapkan semalam.” 不写成 “Laporan itu disiapkan oleh saya.”.

ayat transitif / pasif diri = transitive and personal passive

In an active transitive sentence, the verb takes an object, as in menganalisis DNA; an active intransitive sentence needs no object, as in berteknologi canggih. A passive with a first- or second-person doer has a special pattern: the receiver comes first, followed directly by kami, saya or kamu and the base verb, without di- and without oleh.

Example: Write Laporan itu saya siapkan semalam rather than Laporan itu disiapkan oleh saya.

hujah teknologi seimbang = 均衡科技论证

题目要求选择既有立场和依据，也承认限制的论证。先找是否说明具体用途，再检查是否考虑费用、时间或安全；只用“永远完美”或“完全没用”的极端说法都缺少审慎分析。

例子： 均衡论证可以肯定模拟价值，同时提出使用条件与风险管理。

balanced technology argument = hujah teknologi seimbang

The item asks for an argument that states a position, supports a concrete use, and recognises limitations. Check for a specific benefit and consideration of cost, time, or safety. Extreme claims that technology is always perfect or completely useless lack measured analysis.

Example: A balanced argument may support simulation while setting conditions for use and risk management.

当代科技总结 = rumusan teknologi hari ini

完成 Unit 20 后，你应能以明示和暗示资料建立均衡论证，使用可靠词典核对词义、发音、拼写与用法，并针对使用者提出可执行建议。歌词须发展中心信息；主动句和被动句转换时要保留事件角色。

例子： 评价虚拟现实时兼顾用途与限制，查清术语后提出改善方案，并把“Jurutera menguji robot”转换成意思相同的被动句。

technology today summary = rumusan teknologi hari ini

After Unit 20, you should build a balanced argument from explicit and implied information, use a reliable dictionary to verify meaning, pronunciation, spelling, and usage, and propose an actionable user-centred improvement. Lyrics should develop one message, while active-passive transformation must preserve event roles.

Example: Evaluate virtual reality through benefits and limits, verify terminology, propose an improvement, and convert “Jurutera menguji robot” without changing its meaning.