petanda burung = 鸟兆

Teks ini diolah daripada karya penulis Sarawak, Shen Qingwang. Ia memperkenalkan kepercayaan tradisional masyarakat pribumi di pedalaman Sarawak tentang petanda burung. Mereka meneka nasib baik atau buruk berdasarkan bunyi burung dan arah kemunculannya sebelum membuat keputusan harian.

Contoh: Sebelum membuka ladang, memburu atau berpindah, mereka mendengar bunyi burung petanda terlebih dahulu.

Awas: Bezakan apa yang dipercayai oleh masyarakat itu dengan fakta yang diterangkan penulis.

bird omens = 鸟兆

This text is adapted from the work of Sarawak writer Shen Qingwang. It introduces a traditional belief of the indigenous peoples of inland Sarawak: bird omens. They judge whether things will go well or badly from a bird’s call and the direction it comes from before making daily decisions.

Example: Before clearing land, hunting or moving home, they first listen for the omen birds.

Watch out: Keep apart what the people believe and the facts the writer explains.

cara mentafsir = 判断方法

Masyarakat pribumi mentafsir petanda melalui arah dan bunyi. Bunyi dari kanan dianggap membawa tuah dan boleh menghapuskan pantang sebelumnya. Bunyi dari kiri dianggap malang, jadi mereka membatalkan rancangan dan berhenti di situ. Burung yang biasanya bersuara rendah tetapi tiba-tiba menjerit dianggap memberi amaran.

Contoh: Burung enggang yang besar dianggap jelmaan dewa pelindung, jadi kemunculannya memberi semangat.

Awas: Teks menyatakan mereka sendiri tidak tahu mengapa arah kiri dianggap malang.

how omens are read = 判断方法

The indigenous people read omens by direction and by sound. A call from the right is seen as lucky and can lift an earlier taboo. A call from the left is unlucky, so they cancel their plans and stop where they are. A normally low-voiced bird that suddenly shrieks is taken as a warning.

Example: The great hornbill is seen as the form of a guardian spirit, so its appearance brings confidence.

Watch out: The text says they themselves cannot explain why the left side is unlucky.

baca dengan teliti = 细读

Teks menerangkan bahawa jika pengembara mendengar bunyi malang dari sebelah kiri, mereka berhenti serta-merta dan berehat di situ. Tempoh mereka menunggu bergantung pada betapa seriusnya petanda itu, atau sehingga bunyi bertuah dari kanan menghapuskan pantang.

Contoh: Jika burung Isit berbunyi dari kiri, mereka akan menunggu sehari semalam sebelum meneruskan perjalanan.

Awas: Teks tidak menyebut mereka menghalau burung atau berjalan lebih laju.

reading closely = 细读

The text explains that if travellers hear an unlucky call from the left, they stop at once and rest on the spot. How long they wait depends on how serious the omen is, or lasts until a lucky call from the right lifts the taboo.

Example: If the Isit bird calls from the left, they wait a whole day and night before moving on.

Watch out: The text never says they chase the bird away or walk faster.

memberi contoh = 举例子

Penulis menerangkan kepercayaan ini dengan memberi contoh burung tertentu. Burung enggang membawa tuah. Burung Isit paling dibenci. Burung belatuk hitam dipercayai membawa wabak. Ada burung yang bunyinya seperti ketawa manusia dan dianggap petanda kematian. Contoh-contoh ini menjadikan penerangan jelas.

Contoh: Burung berkepala merah yang biasanya berbunyi dé dé dé tetapi menjerit zéi zéi zéi dipercayai memberi amaran musuh.

Awas: Ini kepercayaan tradisional; teks tidak mengatakan ia terbukti secara sains.

giving examples = 举例子

The writer explains the belief by giving examples of particular birds. The hornbill brings good luck. The Isit bird is the most disliked. A black mottled woodpecker is believed to carry plague. One bird sounds like a laughing human and is taken as a sign of death. These examples make the explanation clear.

Example: A red-headed bird that usually calls dé dé dé but shrieks zéi zéi zéi is believed to warn of enemies.

Watch out: These are traditional beliefs; the text does not claim they are scientifically proven.

enggang = 犀鸟

Dalam teks, burung enggang dianggap jelmaan dewa pelindung masyarakat pribumi Sarawak. Oleh itu, jika enggang besar muncul di langit atau hinggap berhampiran sebelum upacara penting, orang ramai berasa penuh harapan dan yakin. Jawapan mesti berdasarkan sebab yang disebut dalam teks.

Contoh: Sebelum satu upacara, ternampak enggang di pokok berdekatan membuatkan penduduk yakin upacara akan berjaya.

Awas: Teks tidak menyebut bunyi enggang paling merdu atau enggang membantu memburu.

hornbill = 犀鸟

In the text, the hornbill is regarded as the form taken by the guardian spirit of Sarawak’s indigenous peoples. So if a great hornbill appears in the sky or perches nearby before an important event, people feel hopeful and confident. Your answer must rest on the reason the text gives.

Example: Seeing a hornbill in a nearby tree before a ceremony makes the villagers confident it will go well.

Watch out: The text never says the hornbill sings best or helps with hunting.

kaedah penerangan = 说明方法

Penulis menyusun maklumat mengikut kategori: petanda berdasarkan arah dan petanda berdasarkan bunyi. Dia memberi contoh burung tertentu, meniru bunyi burung dengan perkataan, dan mengumpamakan bunyi ratusan burung di hutan seperti sebuah simfoni besar. Kaedah ini menjadikan teks jelas dan hidup.

Contoh: Bunyi jí jí jí ditulis supaya pembaca dapat membayangkan suara burung Isit.

Awas: Meniru bunyi ialah teknik yang berbeza daripada perbandingan.

explanation methods = 说明方法

The writer sorts the information into categories: omens by direction and omens by sound. He gives examples of particular birds, imitates their calls in words, and compares the calls of hundreds of forest birds to a great symphony. These methods make the text clear and lively.

Example: The call jí jí jí is written out so readers can almost hear the Isit bird.

Watch out: Imitating a sound is a different technique from making a comparison.

perbandingan = 打比方

Frasa ini mengumpamakan bunyi ratusan burung yang berkicau serentak di hutan seperti sebuah simfoni besar yang dimainkan oleh orkestra. Apabila sesuatu disamakan dengan benda lain yang lebih biasa, itulah perbandingan. Tiada nombor dan tiada bunyi burung yang ditiru dalam frasa ini.

Contoh: Simfoni mempunyai banyak alat muzik berbunyi serentak, sama seperti banyak burung berkicau bersama.

Awas: Meniru bunyi memerlukan bunyi burung itu sendiri ditulis, seperti wō wō wō.

comparison = 打比方

This phrase compares hundreds of birds calling together in the forest to a great symphony played by an orchestra. When one thing is likened to another, more familiar thing, that is a comparison. There are no numbers and no imitated bird sounds in the phrase.

Example: A symphony has many instruments sounding at once, just as many birds call together.

Watch out: Imitating sound would mean writing the actual call, such as wō wō wō.

perkataan dalam teks = 课文词语

Banyak perkataan dalam teks berkaitan dengan nasib baik dan buruk. Xiōng duō jí shǎo bermaksud kemungkinan buruk lebih banyak daripada baik, dan jìn zài méi jié bermaksud sesuatu sudah sangat dekat, seperti di depan bulu kening. Yì cè pula bermaksud meneka tanpa bukti yang pasti.

Contoh: Jika burung Isit berbunyi rendah di sebelah kiri, pahlawan percaya pertempuran itu xiōng duō jí shǎo.

Awas: Cān dalam cān tiān dibaca cān, bukan shēn atau sān.

words from the text = 课文词语

Many words in this text relate to good and bad fortune. Xiōng duō jí shǎo means bad outcomes are more likely than good ones, and jìn zài méi jié means something is extremely close, right before one’s eyebrows. Yì cè means to guess without firm proof.

Example: If the Isit bird calls low on the left, warriors believe the battle is xiōng duō jí shǎo.

Watch out: In cān tiān the first character is read cān, not shēn or sān.

membuat andaian = 推想

Teks tidak memberi jawapan, jadi kita membuat andaian berdasarkan maklumat yang ada. Masyarakat itu hidup di hutan dan sangat mengenali burung. Burung peka terhadap bahaya, jadi jeritannya mungkin benar-benar memberi amaran. Kepercayaan ini juga diwarisi turun-temurun dan memberi keyakinan dalam hutan yang penuh misteri.

Contoh: Walaupun ramai sudah menganut agama Kristian, mereka masih menghormati petanda dari hutan.

Awas: Hormati budaya orang lain semasa memberi pendapat.

making a reasoned guess = 推想

The text gives no answer, so we reason from the information we have. These communities live in the forest and know birds well. Birds are sensitive to danger, so a sudden shriek may really be a warning. The belief is also handed down through generations and gives confidence in a forest full of unknowns.

Example: Even after many became Christians, they still respected the signs from the forest.

Watch out: Respect other people’s cultures when you give your opinion.

pengaruh tradisi = 传统的影响

Agama Kristian Protestan dan Katolik sudah sampai ke rumah panjang, dan ramai penduduk sudah menganutnya. Namun, mereka masih tidak berani melanggar petanda burung. Ini menunjukkan kepercayaan tradisional itu sudah berakar umbi dalam kehidupan mereka dan sukar dilupakan.

Contoh: Penulis juga menyebut kesan petanda burung kepada kehidupan pribumi sangat mendalam.

Awas: Teks tidak mengatakan agama mewajibkan mereka mendengar bunyi burung.

influence of tradition = 传统的影响

Protestant and Catholic Christianity have reached the longhouses, and many people have become believers. Even so, they still dare not disobey the bird omens. This shows the traditional belief is deeply rooted in their lives and hard to let go of.

Example: The writer also says bird omens have a very deep effect on indigenous life.

Watch out: The text never says their religion requires them to listen to birds.

ringkasan bacaan = 小结

Bacaan ini memperkenalkan kepercayaan petanda burung masyarakat pribumi di pedalaman Sarawak. Anda belajar cara mereka mentafsir arah dan bunyi burung, contoh burung petanda, kaedah penerangan yang digunakan penulis, serta cara memberi pendapat yang munasabah tentang sesuatu tradisi.

Contoh: Bunyi dari kanan membawa tuah, bunyi dari kiri membawa pantang, dan enggang ialah burung bertuah.

Awas: Ingat bahawa ini kepercayaan tradisional yang perlu dihormati.

reading summary = 小结

This reading introduced the bird-omen beliefs of the indigenous peoples of inland Sarawak. You learned how they read a bird’s direction and call, examples of omen birds, the explanation methods the writer uses, and how to give a reasonable opinion about a tradition.

Example: A call from the right brings luck, a call from the left brings a taboo, and the hornbill is a lucky bird.

Watch out: Remember that these are traditional beliefs to be respected.